A range of critiques and challenges are listed and responses canvassed. R2P is distinguished in its 2001 form in the eponymous ICISS report, in its 2005 form in the UN World Summit Outcome Document, and its 2009 ‘Three Pillars’ elaboration by the Secretary-General. Each of the first two parts delineates in turn the two concepts. This review and analysis covers the two concepts of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict (POC). Updated in January 2012, this large but easily-searchable literature review and analysis will be primarily of use to scholars, postgraduate students, commentators and (theoretically-minded) practitioners wanting to know the nature, issues, critiques, areas of ambiguity, recent development and ethical-legal justifications of these two international protection norms, and the main literature, reports and resolutions associated with each of these topics. The final section assesses the usefulness of differentiating peacekeeping operations on the basis of R2P and POC, and advances one model of how this may be done. The legal status of each protection principle is then appraised, using Abbot and Snidal’s analytic categorization of soft laws. More controversially, the third section argues that the alleged limitation of POC to “armed conflict” (in the strict sense of international humanitarian law) is far less significant than commonly supposed and that POC’s status as a humanitarian principle – with primary concerns for impartiality and neutrality – is not equally applicable to all POC concepts. The next outlines two important similarities between them: their shared basis in human rights and the cross-cutting parallels between R2P pillars and POC concepts. The first section affirms two widely acknowledged differences between R2P and POC – R2P’s narrow scope and deep response. This chapter investigates the overlap and contrast between the responsibility to protect (R2P) and the protection of civilians (POC), focusing attention on the three pillars of R2P and the four POC concepts.
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